Editor's Note: The sudden death of a 23-year-old woman after fainting on her way back home from work has sparked a heated public debate, with many criticizing the overwork culture in the rapidly expanding e-commerce sector, especially because some tycoons once supported the "996" schedule (working from 9 am to 9 pm, six days a week) in 2019. Four experts share their views with China Daily's Zhang Xi and Yao Yuxin on how to strengthen employees' rights in the internet age. Excerpts follow:

(SHI YU / CHINA DAILY)

Labor laws compatible with digital era needed

A 23-year-old female employee of Pinduoduo, China's largest interactive e-commerce platform, collapsed on her back way home from work in Urumqi, capital of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, around 1:30 am on Dec 29, and died six hours later in spite of getting emergency treatment at a local hospital.

Her sudden death has triggered heated discussions both online and offline, with many criticizing Pinduoduo's culture of overwork, which they claim was the cause of the young woman's death.

Her death is indeed a tragedy, but the cause of the death is not yet clear and requires a thorough medical investigation.

Yet despite "death from overwork" not being a legal term, this case should prompt society to reflect on how to better protect employees' rights in the digital era. The Labor Law and Labor Contract Law do have provisions for protecting employees' rights, but the relevant clauses cannot be specifically applied to prosecute internet companies suspected of violating laborers' rights and interests.

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Current regulations bar employers from forcing their employees to work beyond stipulated working hours, or work overtime against their will or without extra payment.

Moreover, the blurring of the line between social and economic activities in the digital era makes it difficult to define fixed working hours. For example, the working hours of an aircraft crew start with takeoff, which is easy to identify and calculate. But how do we regulate the working hours for deliverymen?

In the digital era, workers may need to complete multiple tasks within a short period of time. For instance, deliverymen have to deliver a certain number of parcels within a given time or risk losing part of their pay, so they are forced to work overtime.

Also, some delivery and courier companies sign service contracts rather than labor contracts with their employees. Which means the employees can get payment only after completing a certain number of tasks, which is different from working for hours on a particular job. And some delivery companies use algorithms to compel their workers to deliver more parcels within a short time by reducing their resting period.

The law should be revised to make clear whether such behaviors of employers are legal or illegal. As such, lawmakers should delve into the new factors affecting labor relations due to the rapid development of internet and communications technology. This can pave the way for legislation on working hours in the digital era. Although media outlets shouldn't jump to conclusions and label the tragedy "death from overwork", I hope the Urumqi tragedy will help strengthen the legal protection of employees.

'996' working schedule is against labor laws

Some entrepreneurs try to seek maximum profits by forcing their workers to work beyond their limits. Labor relations in essence are about workers' rights and interests. Yet many entrepreneurs and top executives tell their workers that they should be grateful for the jobs and keep the companies' profit-making engine running.

In the digital economy sector, in particular, a growing number of enterprises have been using different methods to exercise ever-increasing control over their employees. For instance, thanks to the algorithms used by many internet companies, there is less time for employees to rest.

To correct the situation, it is imperative that the authorities strictly enforce the existing Labor Law, which states that the working hours of an employee should not exceed an average of eight hours a day, or 44 hours a week, and bringing in specific legislation on internet enterprises, especially in terms of labor contracts and working schedules, and making it clear that the"996" schedule is illegal.

The authorities should also tighten supervision, and intervene in any situation where employers flout the labor laws. It's good to see labor and social security regulators in Changning district of Shanghai, where Pinduoduo is headquartered, joining the investigation against the company for allegedly violating labor and working hour norms.

READ MORE: Why China's technology industry is up in arms over work schedule

Death due to overwork needs legal definition

There are many reasons why people may die due to overwork. Some employers are inclined to pay workers the minimum wages as the law stipulates, which can barely cover their living costs. So people are compelled to work much harder and longer hours to earn extra bonus.

Also, by over-glorifying "hard work", many enterprises around the country have been ramping up efforts to make overtime work compulsory.

Worse, the lenient punishment for violating labor laws has emboldened many companies to impose draconian working schedules for their workers, in order to make maximum profits.

Work pressure and long working hours can play havoc with workers' physical and mental health, making them more vulnerable to occupational and stress-related diseases.

But it is difficult to prove that a person died due to overwork. Only a person who dies at the workplace or succumbs to a sudden illness within 48 hours of getting off work is considered a victim of overwork, making his/her family eligible to claim compensation. For example, it may be hard to prove that the 23-year-old woman was a victim of overwork because she died on her way back home from work and without showing symptoms of any illness.

Such loopholes in legislation must be plugged. And like Japan, China should issue guidelines explaining in detail what constitutes death due to overwork.

Leading a tension-free life is not being lazy or decadent

The 23-year-old woman is not the first tragedy of its kind. Such cases have been reported from time to time in recent years. Many have mourned the death of the young woman, but a large percentage of them may not know that this has become the "state of existence" for a large number of people.

Yet many people are either indifferent to such tragedies or just take it for granted that such incidents are inevitable.

Such people, mostly entrepreneurs, believe the "996" working schedule is the only way to success, with some arguing it's the only way to economic growth and national prosperity.

It's time for society to reflect whether it is necessary for people to risk their health, even lives for survival in this age of scientific and technological advancement and great social and political achievements.

More important, it's wrong to call a person decadent and lazy just because he or she wants to live a slow-paced tension-free life.

The four experts are Qiao Xinsheng, a professor of the law school at the Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Chang Kai, a professor at the School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Yu Shuhong, a professor at the School of Law, Wuhan University, and Sun Liping, a professor at the School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University.

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.