PHUKET, Thailand - Plastic bottles and empty beer cans roll on the sea floor in the waters around Phuket in southern Thailand, while ever more garbage piles up on the island itself, a tourist hotspot better known for its pristine beaches and stunning sunsets.

In one corner of the island, trucks and tractors trundle back and forth moving piles of trash around a sprawling landfill, the final destination for much of the more than 1,000 tonnes of waste collected on Phuket every day.

In a matter of months, the landfill has grown so large it has replaced the previous serene mountain view from Vassana Toyou's home.

"There is no life outside the house, (we) just stay at home," she said. "The smell is very strong, you have to wear a mask."

To cope with the stench, Vassana said she keeps her air conditioner and air purifiers switched on all the time, doubling her electricity bill.

ALSO READ: Phuket ready for foreign tourism in July despite Thai virus wave

Phuket, Thailand's largest island, has undergone rapid development due to its tourism sector, a major driver of the Thai economy as a whole. Of the country's 35.5 million foreign arrivals in 2024, about 13 million headed to the island.

"The growth of (Phuket) city has been much more rapid than it should be," said Suppachoke Laongphet, deputy mayor of the island's main municipality, explaining how a tourism and construction boom has pushed trash volumes above pre-COVID levels. 

By the end of year, the island could be producing up to 1,400 tonnes of trash a day, overwhelming its sole landfill, he said.

Authorities are pushing ahead with plans to cut waste generation by 15 percent in six months, expand the landfill and build a new incinerator, he said, as the island strives to become a more sustainable tourist destination.

READ MORE: Thailand targets 7.5% tourism revenue growth for 2025

But increasing capacity and incinerators is only part of the solution, experts say.

"If you just keep expanding more waste incinerators, I don't think that would be just the solution," said Panate Manomaivibool, an assistant professor in waste management at Burapha University.

"They need to focus on waste reduction and separation."